Journal of Social Development in Africa (1993), 8,1,89-103 
Book Reviews 
Administering Management Development Institutions in Africa, Kami Rwegasira, 
Published by GowerPubUshingCo.Ltdl988.HaidbackŁ19,50,ISBN0566 
05501,112pp. 
This is a well thought out book on how to administer management institutions in 
Africa. The book is based on the author's personal experience and interviews with 
senior and top level management in Eastern and Southern Africa 
The book is divided into six chapters, each focusing on distinct aspects or 
issues which are challenges to various people involved in management development 
institutions. 
In the first chapter, the author examines some of the underlying assumptions 
in economic background and dependence on developed economic systems. 
This appears to be a serious underlying assumption because most African countries, 
like most Third World, countries engage into heavy borrowing and wasteful 
use of the borrowed funds.This is due to lack of internal consistent and well 
integrated plans and weaknesses in management and the implementation process. 
However, some economies have tried to live with this problems but not others. 
Some countries may not have access to aid although they may be good users of 
borrowed funds. 
Another underlying assumption is deverse political ideologies. Here it is 
cited that dominant political ideology will determine the extent of social responsibility 
and accountability expected from the management development institutions. 
Socio-economic environment is yet another underlying assumption. In 
Africa, diversity of religious beliefs does influence the attitude of executives 
towards their functions and responsibilities as well as the approaches they use. 
Tribal ethnic values is another assumption.The author argues that different 
tribes have differing mental or conceptual predispositions towards business, training 
and further education. He cites the Ibo of Nigeria and Baganda of Uganda to 
be positively oriented towards education while the Maasai and Acholi are warlike 
and considered nomadic.In the latter case training and business may not be 
positively conceived. 
The final assumption considered here is low technological environment 
There is dependency on foreign ideologies which have strings attached. It is urged 
that technology transfer is haphazardly administered through management agreements 
and where research is supported there is insufficient resources in terms of
90 Book Reviews 
manpower and finance. 
The essential phase of these assumptions is that when examining the 
problems of administering management development institutions one has to bear 
in mind that these assumptions are the basis upon which problems are built. These 
assumptions can assist in understanding the problems faced and how to resolve 
them. These assumptions seem to play correlated roles in understanding management 
development institutions in Africa. 
In Chapter Two the author explains the practical problems in training, 
research and consultancy and attempts to offer solutions on how to deal with each 
problem/The problems discussed in the chapter include poor identification of 
needs examination leakages.For each of these problems, the author has also 
suggested possible ways of handling these problems. For instance, on pages 16 
and 17 he has given a guide to task analysis and design of management training 
programmes. 
Perhaps the other problems would be better understood or be of practical 
.value if they were given guidelines. In this chapter the author has also discussed 
research obstacles and predicaments. These include absence of top management 
support, limited supportive services, lack of appropriate skills, lack of incentive 
and motivation and data problems and consultancy issues. He adequately analyses 
these problems. All these problems are serious but one would have expected some 
kind of ranking in order of seriousness.1 personally consider lack of top management 
support as being the most serious problem because the figure at the top will 
determine the direction of how to solve the rest of the problems. This is quite true 
even in the management of institutions where researches and degrees are offered. 
In this chapter he has given a concluding remark which states that correct strategies 
and frequent examination and redefinition of strategies are required for successful 
operation of management development institutions in Africa. 
Chapter Three deals with faculty issues/This chapter is concerned with 
attracting and maintaining qualified staff. Proper policies on recruitment and 
motivation of employees enhance the image of an institution. The author cites that 
an administrator who causes frustration to his staff will be left with second-rate 
staff since the best tend to leave first and fastbecause they are demanded elsewhere. 
Close examination of these issues reveals that the figure at the top will either 
strengthen or destroy a otherwise good institution. In the chapter it is argued that 
some administrators hate ambitious young indigenous officers who might be 
considered competent He cites that positions remain unfilled due to poor recruitment 
policies and in some institutions, chairmen are not appointed on the basis of 
respect commanded from peers/The author argues that to attract staff it is not 
enough to provide monetary reward.The conditions of work, terminal benefits,
BookReviews 91 
fringe benefits and challenges presented in the assignment matter a great deal. 
Finally, it is argued that the overall institution and well-being are important factors 
in enhancing its overall image. 
Chapter Four is concerned with strategic twist. The author provides reason 
why the Western theories may not be relevant to African settings. It is argued that 
in order to transform the Western management technology into dynamic innovative 
institutions top management of these institutions should embark on relevant 
research strategy. The strategy adopted would influence the general administrative 
tactics including internal structures and rewards. Top management should strike a 
compromise between old roles and new roles knowledge building. The twist in 
strategy implies a change from training leading to research guided work. The 
researcher should have drive, commitment, strategic vision, creativity, willingness 
to take risks plus administrative aptitude. 
The role of the Chief Executive Officer is discussed in Chapter five. His 
primary role is to undertake strategy manoeuvres and steering of the whole 
organisation.However, his role will vary depending on the structure of the 
organisation. In a small organisation the Chief Executive Officer may design 
trainingprogrammes with support of several employees andrely heavily on outside 
staff who are not salaried but paid a fee. In large organisations the situation is different, 
the role will be basically administrative but monitoring what is happening 
at lower levels. 
In Chapter Six the author focuses on the future of Africa.Here it is indicated 
that moves and strategies for the future should be drawn up now. There should be 
projections in the future despite the fact that there are uncertainties and greater 
risks. The author argues that the future of Africa will largely depend on the actions 
and moves of people along with their leaders. Managers should be ready to meet 
challenges of the rapidly changing needs and redrafting of programmes to sustain 
the momentum of change and the right direction of change in Africa. In this case 
people in leadership should be honest. 
This book has a number of shortcomings. One of these shortcomings is that 
the title seems to be misleading. Whereas the title reads Administering Management 
Development Institutions in Africa, most of the work is on Eastern and 
Southern Africa. The authors's interviews and practical problems were concentrated 
on Eastern and Southern Africa. The title would be appealing if western and 
Northern Africa were di scussed. The second-shortcoming is that the book does not 
have checklists, for instance, on how to evaluate the appropriateness of training 
programmes and viable researches.Third, chapters one and six do not have a 
conclusion. It seems this was intentional but a conclusion on each would make the 
book have uniformity.
92 Book Reviews 
Despite the above shortcomings the book can prove useful to a number of 
users. One of these are the administrators at senior and top level management in 
management development institutions and associated decision making and policyformulating 
organs in both private and public sectors of the economy. For instance, 
management in public universities and public corporations can learn how to 
manage their organisations better. Some of these organisations are on the verge 
of collapse unless swift action is taken/The book is also useful to teachers, and 
students in management and administration. Finally, the book is also useful to 
lecturers and general readers interested in the subject of Business Administration 
or personnel management One would notice that most university lecturers tend 
to concentrate more on Western neoclassical theories, some of which are of little 
value to Africa settings. This title would be able to assist such academicians to 
relate neoclassical theories as those of Fredrick Taylor, Henry Fayol, Max Weber, 
Elton Mayo to Africa's management issues and problems. 
Reviewed by Mr G S Namusonge, Senior Lecturer and Director, Institute for 
Human Resources Development, Jomo Kenyatta University College of Agriculture 
and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya. 
Psychotherapy and the Poverty Patient, (1990) E Mark Stern (ed), The Haworth 
Press, New York, London. 
The Editor,Mark Stern,claims that this monograph takes a wide angled look at a 
mottled contemporary issue which presents both clinical and philosophical challenges 
to the practitioner. The book is compiled of the views of sixteen therapists 
from various schools of thought and disciplines based sometimes on their clinical 
experience and/or philosophy and sometimes on research. Although it is based 
mainly on the American experience, much of it can be transferred in principle to 
a third world context and does provoke thought 
The article "Power and Poverty in Psychotherapy by Jorge A Montijo 
argues that there is no great distinction between psychotherapy with the poor and 
psychotherapy in general but stresses the importance of substituting the poor/ 
affluent dichotomy for a dialectical analysis that contemplates the poverty or 
relative poweriessness of the more affluent therapists, together with the inherent 
capacity for empowerment and liberation of the dispossessed. He says that when 
the therapist shares power and faces their own relativepowerlessness they promote 
empathy, community and personal growth. 
Kaisa Puhakka distinguishes between the poverty patient who does not 
have 'things" and the impoverished patient who experiences a sense of not having,
Book Reviews 93 
not being and not being able to do anything at all. She maintains that the conditions 
of therapy must provide an opportunity, in concrete, experiential terms for the 
patients to give in return for the services they receive by requiring,forexample,that 
the patient donate their time and effort in helping others in community service, and 
that the restorative effect of such involvement can be dramatic. 
The dangers of working with any group that the therapist does not respect, 
feels sorry for or patronises are highlighted by Ronald Fox, whilst Mary S Cerney 
discusses issues related to payment of reduced fees, free medical treatment and 
nonmonetary payment. 
Karen Simpson Callaway explores the association between victimisation 
and powerlessness in relation to conceptions of reality that are often held by lower 
status individuals, which tends to constrict their available life choices. 
The universal need for psychotherapy and the delivery of service in a 
creative but nonsacrificial way is addressed by Emily Simerly, who argues for 
creativity in the direction of treatment options for the poor rather than charity. 
An account of a black, Kenyan male patient in therapy with Hanneke Bot,a 
white expatriate female, is given it focuses on transference and countertransference, 
in this case of cross cultural therapy,and how when dealt with successfully 
it can be of great benefit to client and therapist. Sanford S Fishbein and Richard R 
Kilburg graphically explore their work as psychotherapists inside a juvenile 
detention facility, highlighting issues of the context on therapy. 
The Editor of the book interviews a Franciscan friar, Brother Bob Lombardo, 
who works as a pastoral counsellor in a small shelter for homeless men in 
New York City and who utilises his pastoral vantage point after reviewing 
economic, intellectual, psychological and spiritual aspects of poverty. 
An addition to Maslow s theory of the hierarchy of needs to corporate the 
concept of self actualisation within every act of life so that the acts of obtaining 
food, water and reproductive sex, plus shelter should be interposed with the spirit 
of thankfulness, celebration and unity is proposed by Kris Jeter. 
Anne L Wissler explores the experience of inner impoverishment with 
reference to themes that emerge when patients are seeking new patterns of living 
that more accurately feed the urgings of inner longings, and she discusses strategies 
for attuning to and living from the creative unconscious. 
Thomas V Sayger and Kevin 0 Heid discuss the issues facing impoverished 
families in rural communities and the therapists providing services for them. They 
provide information regarding roadblocks to successful treatment, strengths of impoverished 
rural families and suggestions for treatment programmes. 
Finally, Deane H Shapiro describes one aspect of a control model of 
psychological health, illustrated by the use of two cases referred for stress related
94 Book Reviews 
disorders. 
The articles presented in this book clearly demonstrate how therapeutic 
approaches are directly organised by the philosophy, experience and attitude of the 
therapists to poverty. 
The therapist's self examination andawareness of theirown attitudes and 
motivation in working either with, or without the poor is clearly of prime 
importance as this has a direct effect on the usefulness of therapy, both to the 
therapist and client. 
There are enough different points of view in this book to stimulate thought 
for every therapist and I recommend it to anyone involved in working with people. 
Reviewed by C Farrell, Director, Connect (Zimbabwe Institute of Systemic 
Therapy) 
Aid to African Agriculture: Lessons from two Decades of Donor's Experience 
editor Uma Lele (Published for the World Bank by The John Hopwell University 
Press, Baltimore and London 1992). 
The 627 paged book is a comprehensive account of the state of African agriculture 
and a good indicator of the need for consensus among donors and governments on 
ways to proceed in resuming broadly based growth in African agriculture. In the 
words of Uma Lele, the editor, "over the past three decades, billions of dollars have 
been transferred from developed countries to Africa. Yet there is a widespread 
view that much of this aid has done little to stimulate growth, alienate poverty, or 
create human and institutional capacity. Poor performance in African countries is 
often blamed on the internal economic policies. But there is increasing recognition 
that aid is part of the problem''. 
African Agriculture 
Whilst the general picture of African agriculture is gloomy, it is clear that this 
World Bank publication intends to show that there are some important successes 
in Africa whose implications on future actions by Africans and donors must be 
understood. It is important to note that there is a general consensus on certain 
preconditions which must be fulfilled in order to have mutually satisfying results 
from the current interaction explored in this volume. For more successes to be 
scored, fundamental changes must be made in the ways donors and governments 
operate in Africa, changes that go beyond myriads of specific initiatives. This must 
be accompanied by a fundamental rethinking of aid and development strategy. 
This volume is a result of a 1984 World Bank initiative which resulted in
Book Reviews 95 
the launching of a comparative study of sub-Saharan African countries under the 
auspices of "Managing Agricultural Development in Africa" (MADIA) in 
collaboration with seven other donor agencies and six African governments. The 
study focused on Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania in East Africa and Cameron, 
Nigeria and Senegal in West Africa Not only did the results of the study bring out 
the extent of agricultural growth in the period after independence in the selected 
countries assessing impact of factors like: the extent to which domestic policies, 
external economic environment, and donor assistance contributed to their growth, 
the effect of growth on incomes, employment, and consumption, and the potential 
sources of future growth; but also the nature of internal policies in these countries 
and its bearing on their agricultural policies. 
The selected six countries almostaccountfor40% of the population of sub- 
Saharan Africa and for nearly half of its gross national product (GNP). The 
countries spread across almost all ecological zones of Africa, the Sahel desert, and 
the Guinea-Savannah in the north, the equatorial rain forest in the south, and the 
volcanic, humid and sub-humid highlands in the east and the west. As a group, they 
grow almost all the principal crops of Africa, including tea, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, 
cotton, groundnuts, cashews, sisal, sugar, maize, sorghum, millet and rice. 
The study is fairly representative of the African experience though the 
geographical area covered appears limited. The eight donors chosen for assessing 
the effectiveness of aid, provide nearly 60% of the aid flowing to Africa. A good 
outline of the book is provided on p9, but briefly, the book opens with an overview 
of the broad trends in donor assistance to the six countries under investigation. The 
analysis of the country performance is based on the data from the records of 
governments and donors. The discussions are organised around several topics 
(with varying degrees of emphasis): 
• The policies adopted towards promoting agriculture; their changing perceptions 
of recipients' needs and goals, and their influence on recipients' 
agricultural or rural priorities and politics; 
• How recipients' perceptions of their development needs and priorities influenced 
the amount and form of aid given; 
• The context of assistance; 
• How strategic, commercial and humanitarian constituencies in donor 
countries, as well as various administrative personnel, and financial 
constraints, influenced level and: content of assistance programmes; 
• The comparative advantage of donors with respect to their ability to 
provide agricultural or other specific kinds of assistance. 
The debate on the state of African agriculture and the role of foreign donors, should 
not ignore the colonial history of the countries in question. In this volume, very
96 Book Reviews 
little attention has been paid to this issue which in my opinion is crucial in our 
analysis of any post-colonial state. It is a well taken point that the analysis of rural 
economies and societies involves both the relations of production and technological 
changes. In the colonial period, Africa witnessed a period of separation of 
producers from the means of production accompanied by a destruction of their 
rural social environment Put dramatically, the African peasant entered the colonial 
period with the hoe, and he came, out of it with the hoe. Bogumil Jewsiewicki 
"Rural Society and the Belgian Economy" in History of Central Africa Vol 2 (ed) 
by David Birmingham and Phyllis M Martin) demonstrates that African agriculture 
was considered barbaric and simplistic by Europeans who in their conviction 
of their own technological superiority introduced new plants, new agricultural 
calendars and new crop rotations which took no account of local situations. To cut 
a long story short, a regression in agricultural flexibility was the curious legacy of 
modernisation. 
It is not surprising therefore that this volume is preoccupied with the 
question of small holders and the frequent attacks on African political elites who 
appear not to have fully recognised the fundamental importance of science and 
technology in modernising small holder agriculture (see p 102). In his analysis of 
British aid to Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania, John Hopwell points out clearly that 
the pattern of agricultural development has been strongly influenced by the 
country's colonial inheritance and the donors involved. Special attention was 
directed at issues like public regulation of the market, structural price controls, 
movement restriction and structures like some monopsony powers which the post 
colonial governments kept intact and even consolidated using donor funds and 
expertise. 
On the other hand, the contributors have noted the complexity of the 
question they are faced with. Christian Heimpel and Manfred Schulz writing on 
German aid quickly caution that it is one thing to summarise the problems analysed, 
but another to transform the collected information into a programme for future 
action. This brings one's attention to the crisis of agrarian reforms especially for 
African countries that experienced radical settler colonisation and a very strong 
post independence reliance on settler commercial agriculture for food supplies and 
even exports. 
The heart of the crisis in African agriculture in our opinion lies in the ability 
of those actors and players this book focused on, to resolve the peasant question and 
the issue of rural development This question is raised by John W Mellor and Rajul 
Pandya-Loreh in their discussion on food aid and development where they preface 
their study by boldly admitting that "Food aid is an unusually controversial form 
of foreign assistance. In developed and developing countries alike, the politics of
Book Reviews 97 
food - encompassing of all the policy issues influencing production and consumption, 
as well as trade- are important and complex. Moreoverrural developmentand 
policy alleviation are themselves politically controversial activities that further 
complicate and obfuscate food aid and policy". 
By raising the above questions, one is not trying to set out a new course for 
approaching the subject matter under review. It is quite amazing that out of the 627 
pages, the authors managed to demonstrate that in the six countries studied, small 
holder agriculture has been the key to economic growth. The book suggests that in 
promoting agriculture in recipient countries, donors should concentrate on developing 
human and institutional capacity. On a different note, aid givers and recipients 
have often encouraged import substituting industrialisation at the expense of 
a balanced output or food and export groups, but from the experience in Cameron 
and Kenya described in this book^uch balanced agriculture based on small 
holdings, can lead to the expansion of GNP on all fronts. 
Finally, one should congratulate all those involved in the study for coming 
up with such a stimulating volume of work. Challenges have been thrown on all 
who are interested in the donor politics and aid to African agriculture. Whilst the 
past twenty decades have definitely been one of progress for small holders 
agriculture, we are still far from convincing ourselves that our experience in the 
past three decades can be characterised as nothing but the lost decades. 
Reviewed by Thomas Deve, Editorial Assistant, Sapes Trust, Harare 
Penetration and Protest inTanzania LMKimambo, James Curry, London 1991. 
This book is a continuation of the author's earlier study published in 1969 under 
the title "A Political History of the Pare ofTanzania' * where he focused on the Pare 
district of north-eastern Tanzania. Penetration and Protest in Tanzania uses economic 
activities of the people as a way of highlighting the level of transformation 
in the colonial period as opposed to its predecessor which used political organisation 
as a framework. 
In the 188 pages divided into ten chapters, the author successfully demonstrates 
the nature of penetration in the form of long distance trade and how this was 
transformed by imperialist penetration. It is gratifying to note that the author 
highlights the impact of his academic environment on his analysis of the subject 
under review. 
Characteristic of Africanists of his calibre, Kimambo reviews the production 
of historical knowledge in the University of Dares Salaam where he notes that
98 BookRtvUwi 
in the early 1970's, historians were critical of the nationalist historiography in its 
preoccupation with politics at the expense of issues of bread and butter. By the 
middle of the decade, the underdevelopment theory had become dominant, but it 
was further criticised resulting in the development of a more nationalist approach. 
Impact of Penetration 
This approach influences the perceptions developed in this book on Pare society. 
It is shown that during the second half of the 19th century when the people of Pare 
communities were brought into contact with the Western capitalist system, the 
penetration process initiated an unprecedented struggle for survival among the 
people. 
The use of political economy approach enables Kimambo to reach the heart 
of rural transformation during the colonial period giving a vivid picture of how 
strong the impact of world economy could be even on rural communities seemingly 
remote from many of the visible agents of capital. The originality in this study 
stems from the way in which Kimambo has used the oral tradition to reveal the 
history of the impact of the world economy in north-eastern Tanzania. Oral 
information was collected at three different periods, 1965/66,1969 and 1985. 
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Pare communities in all sections 
of the Pare mountains were basically agricultural, with a well-balanced structure 
that exploited the existing ecological structure. The political organisation goes as 
far back as the beginnings of settlement of agricultural communities on the 
mountains and reflected the stages of political evolution in the region, depending 
on the possibilities which existed for mobilising people and resources into, the 
lineage, loose state and the centralised state organisations. 
Between 1860 and 1900,the communities experienced penetration of 
commodity trade based on ivory trade, but was transformed between 1860 and 
1890 to include human beings as commodities because of the slave trade. 
Kimambo stresses that when capitalism penetrates a 'subsistence' economy, it tries 
to change it, in a limited way so that labour can be organised to produce the commodities 
required by capitalism whealabour had lobe organised to produce human 
beings as commodities, the trading system could not remain the same as when ivory 
and foodstuffs were the main itemsof trade (p 38). By 1900, imperialism had begun 
to make labour demands in a way that supported the Pare cultivators from their 
means of production. 
As in most colonial economies, the Pare communities experienced situations 
where participation in the labour market becameafunction of the effortprice 
of participating in the peasant sector in response to the "new" market opportunities 
created by the long distance trade 4e providing foodstuffs to caravans, etc
Book Reviews 99 
related activities; food to feed construction workers as soon as the railway line 
reached Pare in 1905, and after 1907. Increased rice production was stimulated in 
the Kihurio and Kisiwani areas. 
Contradictions 
Opportunities for wage employment increased with the establishment of sisal 
plantations on the foothills of the mountains, but by 1920, it was clear that the need 
for cash was already sending young Pare men to work outside the mountains 
especially in Moshi, either in town or in plantations. Increased production of coffee 
and cotton especially in the late 1920s marked the firm incorporation of the Pare 
into the capitalist system of production, basically by becoming producers of food 
crops and coffee, and to a lesser extent suppliers of labour to estates and urban 
areas. 
Kimambo exposes the irrationality of unequal competitive opportunities 
provided for the white settlers and the Africans. Whilst colonial representatives 
encouraged the growth of coffee in the 1920s, the 1930s decade witnessed 
supervised uprooting of coffee trees in response to pressure from settlers who 
wanted to maintain a monopoly over coffee production and, the determination of 
the government to make the Pare people more cotton producers. Whilst there was 
a drive to increase land under tillage, there was a marked land shortage exhibited 
in the seasonal migration from the mountains. Food shortages became inevitable 
since agricultural possibilities in this area were dependent on a careful balancing 
of ecological situations. Pressure to increase land used for cash crops meant that 
there was less land for alternative uses and invariably food crops were suffering. 
Popular Protest and Community Development 
Seeds for popular protest were increasingly germinating. The chiefs preoccupied 
themselves with strengthening their powers as agents of the colonial rule ridden 
with a crisis in its implementation of rural development policies. Peasant protests 
had been experienced before 1944, but popular protest which was directed at the 
oppressive colonial system was remarkable at the level of coordination - especially 
information circulation in all the communities living in the isolated plateaux, 
ridges and slopes of the three divisions of the Pare mountains. The significance of 
this protest was that the mbiru protest was the first mass action which transcended 
previous divisions and created unity among all the Pare people - using nonviolence 
as a method of fighting oppression. 
Front 1947 to 19S3, the colonial authorities set up structures to encourage 
an atmosphere of cooperation in making the district a unit of production in the 
colonial system viz local government reforms. The local government reforms, it is
100 Book Reviews 
argued by Kimambo, could use the energies of outspoken dissidents in giving 
ideas, but would not produce the kind of mobilisation required. Expanding the 
education base through community development became the watchword after the 
Second World war. This period is considered most striking in the impact of colonisation 
on Upare. The people had become visibly restless because of linderdevelopment.
The Pare model influenced the Tanganyika government's planning for 
integrated development During the community development of Upare, tremendous 
progress had been made in social development, but agricultural problems 
remained unsolved. 
In Chapter nine, Peoples Efforts in Capitalist Participation, 1948-1960, 
Kimambo raises some theoretical questions occupying the centre stage of peasant 
studies, ie criteria for differentiation. In Pare, differentiation was not sharp in the 
early stages because of the size of agricultural holdings. 
If one takes a close look, differentiation was definite. It was slow to 
crystallise because the system of land holding had not created land control by a 
small group except in a few cases where the centralised state system had given the 
ruling group control of land allocation and collection of tributes. By the time of 
the mbiru revolt, one could discern three district groups playing different roles: the 
ruling group of chiefs, sub-chiefs and headmen; the educated group of teachers, 
clerks and traders, and the ordinary peasants. Because of the various roles each 
category played,they basically shared one thing in common, ie the value they 
attached to agriculture. 
Concluding Remarks 
The final chapterfocusesonaveryimportantthemeespeciallyforthose who study 
the post-colonial state. The pre-colonial experience created what could be called 
a Pare culture and in terms of ethnicity, three symbols, ie the highland homeland, 
Chasu language and the lifelong experience in ritual could be seen. But after the 
creation of the Pare district under colonialism, the people's symbols of identity 
were called into question because of changes taking place. 
In conclusion, Kimambo's account of the Pare district is well researched, 
coherent and readable. For those who have studied the impact of colonial penetration 
on African society take heed, of what Kimambo noted "Many scholars who 
have taken an interest in the question of the impact of colonialism on African 
societies generally have been influenced by the short period during which colonialism 
lasted/They refer to it as an interlude. Some would like to see it as an 
insignificant interlude which did not disrupt the continuity of the main trends in 
African history. However, others recognise it as an important interlude which
BookReviews 101 
drastically changed the course of the history of the Africans themselves. Their 
societies were sent down an exploitative path in which they have remained even 
after political independence. When we speak of capitalist penetration, we are going 
even further, beyond the imperialist phase" (p 178). 
Reviewed by Thomas Deve, Editorial Assistant, Sapes Trust, Harare. 
IfaPartner has Aids: Guide to ClinicalInterventionforRelationships in Crisis, 
R Dennis Shelby, 277pp, Harrington Park Press, New York. 
This engaging book presents a psychoanalytic study of the experience of 32 gay 
men in partnerships in which one or both has HIV and developed AIDS. It traces 
the range of their experiences from initialfears of the possible diagnosis, "wondering", 
through phases relating to confirmation, the progression of disease, death, 
mourning and the "Back into the world" recovery of the surviving partner. The 
author examines the way in which their relationships develop and change, and the 
meaning to both partners of the illness, through the conceptual framework of self 
psychology. 
The author's decision to write the book grew from an awareness of the 
neglect of lovers in the literature on AIDS and, from his clinical practice, growing 
exposure to their needs. He explores conventional mourning theory and examines 
how this applies to the personal experience of his subjects, and elaborates on 
current theory to provide many useful insights for effective clinical intervention. 
Grief, loss and mourning are approached through the field of self psychology, with 
its emphasis on empathy and on concepts of self-object the way relationships 
mirror one's own self perceptions and reinforce coping or, alternatively, a failure 
to cope.
Throughout, the analysis is interpreted with first-hand experience, often 
related in direct speech, from the subjects. This grounds the theoretical discussion 
firmly in experience, and greatly enriches the book for the lay reader as well as 
elucidating the material for the counsellor. It exemplifies very well the empathetic 
understanding and counselling process the author adopts in his clinical practice. 
For developing countries where AIDS is primarily a heterosexual disease 
and babies are also affected, many important areas are left untouched. The couples 
described are all childless gay couples, often experiencing degrees of isolation and 
stigma because of their sexual orientation. Nonetheless, the insights into their 
feelings, dilemmas and coping strategies do have relevance to straight, heterosexual 
couples facing AIDS, and may therefore help counsellors to assist them more
102 BookReviews 
effectively provided that the experiential and cultural contextual differences are 
taken into account 
The fresh approach to conventional mourning theory and self psychology, 
applied to the specific context of AIDS, makes this a valuable book for the 
counsellor working with AIDS affected couples. It is also of value to people 
themselves experiencing HIV and AIDS in their loved ones and or themselves. 
They can learn from the experiences of others sensitively expressed within the 
book, and be assisted to cope with their own emotions and relationships as they and 
their loved ones progress on the "AIDS Journey". 
Reviewed by Helen Jackson, Director of Research, School of Social Work, Harare. 
Two Halves Make a Whole: BalancingGenderRelationsinDevelopment(l99l) 
Canadian Council for International Cooperation, MATCH International Centre, 
Association quebecoise des organismes de cooperation intemationale, Ottawa; 
CCIC, MATCH and AQOC, 110, Incl. Bibliography 
This is a handbook intended to assist development workers in integrating a gender 
analysis into their projects. The authors have wisely decided not to attempt to be 
all things to all people, and so this handbook is not the place to look for data on 
women and development in specific sectors or in specific regions. Instead, it 
focuses on disseminating the concepts and types of analysis employed by people 
who wish to understand gender and development and on ways of integrating these 
concepts into the work of development organisations. 
The handbook is divided into two parts - first, an introduction to the ideas 
and techniques associated with gender analysis of development, and second, 
suggestions for developing a training programme for development professionals 
to sensitise them to gender. It was designed and created in Canada, and appears to 
address itself primarily to Western development workers, who do not have a great 
deal of experience in actually living in the Third World. This handbook therefore 
may not be completely appropriate for use in some settings. 
The first section provides a readable and well-organised summary of the 
ideas found in much of the literature on women and development. It is divided into 
theory (assumptions and concepts) and tools (ways of translating these concepts 
into analysis of existing situations, and building on this analysis, the design, implementation 
of programmes that address the situation. Many of these "tools" 
consist simply of knowing the right questions to ask). This first section stresses the 
difference between WID (women in development) and GAD (gender and development). 
The authors of the book make the case that GAD is a more useful and
Book Reviews 103 
accurate approach, and that it lends itself more easily to social change and trans 
formation than does WID, which they identify with the integration of women into 
existing systems and structures. WID they say, focuses only on women, whereas 
GAD focuses on relations between men and women and is thus more holistic and 
incorporates both genders (hence, perhaps, the name of this handbook). While this 
distinction is fairly clear on a theoretical level, it is not apparent what the difference 
is between a WID and a GAD approach when it comes to actual project design. The 
danger of cultural imperialism, in the form of dictating, or being accused of 
dictating what should be the "right" relations between women and men, is also 
quite apparent and is dealt with in this handbook in a rather cursory and abstract 
way. (In order to avoid the danger of dictating, or being accused of dictating, inappropriate 
cultural models, it would have been helpful if the authors had included 
in the "tools" section more information on consultation with target groups in the 
pre-implementation stage). 
The second section addresses the practical problems of implementing 
GAD training programmes. It provides schedules and outlines of activities for 
training sessions of different lengths discussed as a way of making concrete 
abstractions of the GAD approach. These guidelines are sufficiently detailed to be 
useful even for relatively inexperienced facilitators, yet are not so rigid that they 
would inhibit creativity or improvisation. A bibliography is provided, but it is 
unfortunately rather scanty and does not contain many references which provide 
empirical information about a particular sector or region - the sort of information 
which could be very valuable when attempting to actually employ GAD analysis 
in one's work. 
A particular strength of this section is the inclusion of activities that require 
readers to consider how they can change their own organisations in order to integrate 
GAD into the values and outlook of the organisation which might promote 
or impede the full integration of gender analysis. Ideally, GAD will then become 
something fully rooted in the philosophy and behaviour of an organisation, rather 
than something tacked on to projects, to be superseded by the next development 
fad. 
In its emphasis on organisational transformation, its clear and useful 
presentation of GAD concepts and its guidelines for implementing GAD training 
and sensitisation programmes, this is quite a useful publication. Its utility as a 
training handbook is probably greater in Canada than in Africa, but it can still be 
valuable as a reference work. 
Reviewed by Amy Kaler, Chindunduma Government High School, Sham va, Zimbabwe.