Journal of Social Development in Africa, (1989), 4,1, 47-59 
Patterns of Psychiatric Illness: A Study 
in Kaduna Psychiatric Facilities* 
TUNA LERGO+ 
ABSTRACT 
This is a retrospective study of all first admissions to two psychiatric facilities 
in Kaduna from 1st January 1976 to 31st December 1979. The conclusion 
from the findings was that the typical individual in Kaduna State who is at 
most serious psychiatric risk, which may warrant admission, is a young man 
in his productive years. He is married, self-employed, of low or no 
education, and a city dweller. As expected, most patients are Hausa-Fulani- 
Kanuri by ethnic origin and Muslim, the prominent religion of the area. 
Introduction 
It is evident that, with the growing complexity of the Nigerian society, a 
large proportion of Nigerians are being removed from the protection of the 
simple traditional environments to the complex, heterogeneous and less 
protective modern ones. Problems such as unemployment, economic and 
political instability, inflation, overcrowding, crime, divorce, broken homes, 
prostitution, drug addiction and lack of educational opportunities now 
abound. These are indices of social disorganisation which have significant 
implications for mental health. 
It is unfortunate that mental illness is not viewed with the concern it 
should be. Perhaps this is due to the fact that, in most instances, mental 
illness is a disabling rather than a, killing illness, and generally poses little or 
no threat to public life and property, so the government and the public do 
not give it the attention it deserves. The mass media, for example, concentrate 
on reporting crimes, road accidents, etc, and have little concern for 
mental problems. Perhaps this is partly why a lot of psychotics roam the 
highways, sleep on streets, and are subjected to the perils of the elements. 
Yet mental illness leads to serious socio-economic consequences for the 
victim, his family and society, in that mentally ill persons are unable to 
* Part of this paper appeared as "Social characteristics of First Admissions: A study of 
Psychiatric Hospitals in Kaduna, Nigeria," a paper presented at an International Conference 
on Mental Health Planning in Africa, at Ibadan in December, 1980. The Paper is one of a 
series of reports on an on-going research on the pattern of psychiatric illnesses in some 
selected states in the Northern part of Nigeria. 
+ Lecturer, Dept of Sociology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
48 Tuna Lergo 
follow the pattern of their culture, perform their normal social roles, and 
meet the expectations of their group. Worst of all, when left without prompt 
and effective treatment, a mentally ill patient could become totally useless 
to society, wasting away in public places and street corners. 
Broadly speaking, this paper is concerned with mental illness, which is 
becoming a serious social problem in Nigeria. Mental illness emanates 
from, and at the same time has, disastrous effects on the individual, family, 
and other societal institutions, and society in general. 
There are several factors relating to the causes of mental illness in 
Nigeria. For instance, our cities are becoming more and more populated, 
congested, and heterogeneous as different ethnic groups migrate from their 
traditional communities to look for a means of livelihood. In these cities the 
degree of social disintegration is most likely to be high. Under this 
circumstance there is less opportunity for unstable individuals to adjust. 
Anodier factor in the etiology of mental illness is the affluence of Nigeria, as 
reflected in its technology, institutions, and style of living. This affluence 
could contribute to psychological breakdown because individuals are 
frequently subjected to strain and stress, in diat they are constantly required 
to modify their behaviour to meet the demands of their socio-economic 
environment which, in our capitalist context, is a competitive one. They 
often find that they have more adjustments, and readjustments, to make in 
order to keep up witfi the pace of affluence. 
Furthermore, Nigeria is a test case for Robert Merton's theory of Social 
Structure and Anomie. There are inherent contradictions in our society's 
demands upon the individual. For instance, society 'disavows' selfishness, 
bribery and corruption, and yet the social structures provide certain 
individuals with opportunities to commit these crimes and go unpunished. 
Our society also emphasises paper qualification and success, being 
somebody, but not all individuals have equal opportunity to reach these 
goals. Thus, students cheat in examinations and forge certificates to obtain 
paper qualifications; traders try to be rich overnight by hoarding, cheating, 
and inflating the prices of commodities; contractors try to be millionaires 
within the shortest time by using bribery; and youths engage in drug 
addiction, armed robbery and prostitution. 
In other words, the same social structures and cultures that make for 
conforming behaviour also generate tendencies towards distinctive kinds of 
deviant behaviour, if mental illness can be regarded as such. Consequently, 
one should try to find out who are the likely victims of mental illness and 
where they are located in the social structure of our society. This paper, 
being one of a series of research reports, attempts to provide an answer to 
this important question.
Patterns ofPsychiatric Illness 49 
Review of related studies in Africa 
Studies of psychiatric patients based on hospital records are relatively 
numerious in Africa. However, the target population for such studies has 
often been (a) in-patient cases only, (b) a combination of in-patient and outpatient 
cases, or (c) out-patient cases only. Efforts to distinguish studies of 
new or first admissions is fraught widi difficulties. This is because a case that 
is a first admission case may not necessarily be a new case, and vice versa, 
due to the practice by psychiatric patients of'shopping' between psychiatric 
hospitals and traditional or non-psychiatric hospitals; and also between one 
psychiatric hospital and another. The tendency, therefore, is to review 
studies on the three categories already mentioned when undertaking a 
study on first psychiatric admissions. 
In Uselu, Benin City, Nigeria, a study of First Admissions to a University 
Teaching Hospital in a three year period Ichue (1981) reported 778 cases. 
The analysis of the data showed a predominance of male patients (55,3%) 
over female patients (44,796). Patients of both sexes under the age of 30 
years constituted the majority with 64,2 percent, only 3,1 percent were aged 
under 15 years, while 32,7 percent were 30 years and above. Regarding the 
occupational status of the patients, students were most frequently admitted 
and constituted 21,2 percent, followed by 18,1 percent housewives, and 
17,9 percent from the unemployed group. The technicians, with 3,8 
percent, were die least admitted of the 10 occupational groups in the study. 
With regard to the educational attainment of the patients, 51,5 percent did 
• not go beyond primary education; and 54,2 percent had not been married 
before. 
Findings in Enugu by Onyeama (1982) revealed an almost similar pattern 
of distribution. There was also a predominance of male over female patients 
by a ratio of approximately 2:1; less than 3 percent of the admissions were 
younger than 15 years old, while 83 percent were aged between 15 and 40 
years. There was a predominance of single patients over other marital 
groups. The author pointed out that since the end of the Civil War in 
Nigeria, there has been a steady increase in the number of illiterate patients. 
A study of 282 Ahmadu Bello University students in Zaria who reported 
psychiatric problems in the University Clinic of the Main Campus between 
January 15th 1978 and December 30th 1981 further revealed that males 
may be more often at psychiatric risk than females. Out of the 282 students, 
nearly all, ie 91,8%,'were males and only 8,2 percent were females. There 
were 56,4 percent between the ages of 21 and 25 years; 66,7 percent had not 
been married before, 33 percent were married and ,4 percent were divorced 
(Umar, 1982). 
In Abeokuta, Nigeria, Odejide (1981) examined a population of 226 
patients admitted to Lantoro Hospital. Of the 221 cases finally analysed, 
155 were male and only 66 were female. By marital status, single males had
50 Tuna Largo 
higher rates than married males, but the reverse was the case among the 
females where married females predominated over single females. With 
respect to age, the admissions were composed mainly of young persons 
between the ages of 20-29 years old. 
A study of admissions under a year's duration in Butabika Hospital, 
Uganda, had earlier revealed that males are perhaps more at psychiatric risk 
than their female counterparts (Orley, 1972). This was also the observation 
in Kaduna, Nigeria (Lergo, 1977). 
From this brief literature review, three main observations can be made. 
First, that there tends to be a predominance of males over females in most, 
if not all, psychiatric admissions. Second, those who are admitted are those 
who are still in their productive years, ie between 15 and 30 years old. And 
third, persons of low educational attainment tend to be the most frequently 
admitted. 
Methods 
Hospital records were used rather than an expensive epidemiological 
survey. The main disadvantage of this is that the sample would not include 
patients who go to traditional healers and general hospitals. The second 
disadvantage is that the diagnostic pattern is influenced by the clinician's 
background. Furthermore, recent reports revealed that a dispropotionately 
large number of psychiatric diagnoses are missed entirely by paraprofessionals 
(Harding et al, 1980). 
Despite these drawbacks psychiatric hospital records are still useful as 
they highlight the problem of mental illness in the society. 
Description of psychiatric facilities 
The choice of location for this project was Kaduna which has two 
psychiatric facilities (and a referall hospital for the military which may 
account for the lack of military personnel in the study). Kaduna is the 
capital of Kaduna State which is estimated to have a population of 8 297 
million. The predominant tribe is the Hausa with Islam having the largest 
religious following. There are divergent tribes which include Gwari, Jaba, 
Kaje, Kagoro, Ibo, Tiv, Yoruba, and Idoma. Kaduna town is fast growing 
and has a population of 473 266 people. It is a road junction, as well as a 
centre of commerce and establishment. 
The research on which this paper is based was conducted in two 
hospitals in Kaduna, the Kaduna Psychiatric Hospital, owned by the state 
government, and the psychiatric unit of the Ahmadu Bello University 
Teaching Hospital. Information was obtained from records of firstadmissions 
from January 1st 1976 to December 31st 1979. 
fi) The Psychiatric Unit 
This is a semi-autonomous unit of the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching
Patterns of Psychiatric Illness 51 
Hospital. It functions as a full psychiatric hospital with facilities for inpatient 
and out-patient services. It is situated in an area that is easily 
accessible, both to motorists and pedestrians, and is near both residential 
and governmental establishments, the Police Barracks, Marafa Estate, the 
Kaduna Secretariat, and the Post and Telecommunication Headquarters. 
This location could be said to meet one of die requirements for an ideal 
location for a psychiatric hospital, as advocated by die Association of 
Psychiatrists in Nigeria, ie that such hospitals should be located centrally, 
close to people (APN, 1973). 
The unit occupies part of the building of the former Kaduna General 
Hospital. It was initially situated in Zaria but moved to its present site in 
1965. It was formerly die only unit serving the whole of the nordiern part of 
Nigeria, until 1975 when the Kaduna Psychiatric Hospital was opened. The 
unit has two main blocks for in-patient accommodation. One of the blocks 
is for female patients, the other for die male patients. The wards are never 
locked or closed, except at night. There are no fences separating the wards; 
but the whole area of the unit is fenced with two main gates. The hospital 
allows free movement of people. Patients could go to town and return at any 
time of die day. Visiting hours are at any time of the day, unlike other types 
of hospitals where there are restrictions. 
The unit is, however, lacking in facilities. There are few beds and not 
enough equipment for the various forms of therapy. This may reduce the 
number of admissions to the hospital. Occasionally, group therapy is done, 
but with a shortage of qualified staff it is sometimes not conducted for 
months. The regular therapeutic forms are drug treatment, individual 
therapy, electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), and basic occupational therapy 
(mainly indoor games). 
The unit's admission policy is to give priority to serious mental cases, 
regardless of proximity. Mild problems are often treated as out-patient 
cases. The admission policy in the unit aims at short term hospitalisation. 
(ii) Kaduna Psychiatric Hospital 
The hospital is located in Barnawa Low Cost Estate area, between the Estate 
and the Kaduna Borstal Institution. It is relatively isolated, compared to die 
psychiatric unit. It started functioning in June 1975 as the Kaduna Mental 
Infirmary, but was later re-named die Kaduna Psychiatric Hospital. It has 
two male and two female wards, with a capacity of 50 beds each. 
There is no fence round the hospital but the female block is fenced. The 
hospital has a much larger area than die psychiatric unit. There is a kitchen 
and laundry, and, attached to the hospital, is the Kaduna Psychiatric 
Nursing School. The students' hostels and staff quarters are near die wards. 
Because of a lack of staff only a few forms of therapy are given; they are
52 Tuna Largo 
drag treatment, individual therapy, electro-convulsive therapy, and indoor 
games. 
Like the Psychiatric Unit, the hospital aims at short term hospitalisation 
and gives priority to severe mental illness, treating mild cases on an outpatient 
basis. Relations who accompany patients to the hospital also assist in 
the diagnosis of the illness. There is also no restriction on visiting and on the 
movement of patients. 
Though the two psychiatric facilities in Kaduna are not geographically 
isolated, they are isolated in terms of human interaction with the world 
outside. Few visits are made to patients and diere are instances of relatives 
abandoning patients, not visiting diem for long periods of time, or not 
turning up to take diem home after discharge. 
However, the manner in which die patients are handled by die hospital 
staff is a marked departure from die characteristics of total institution as 
oudined by Goffman (1961). In addition dieir lack of restrictions on people 
in the hospitals, and location of the hospitals, satisfies, to some extent, die 
requirements of a psychiatric hospital as recommended by the Association 
of Psychiatrists in Nigeria (APN, 1973), viz that such hospitals should be 
near towns and that people should be encouraged to interact widi die 
patients. These recommendations are in line widi what Lambo had earlier 
suggested, and put into practice, in his Aro village Scheme (Lambo, 1968), 
and which others have found useful (Erinosho, 1976; Jegede 1982). 
Data Collection 
Data was collected on age, sex, occupation, marital status, religion, tribe, 
educational attainment and place of residence, from all cases of first 
admissions to die two facilities. 
There were dlree sources of data: patients' files, nurses' notes, and die 
hospital register. The files contained die demographic characteristics of 
patients, die history of the illness, and family background. The nurses' 
notes were kept in a book which gave progress reports on each patient. The 
register contains a summary of the socio-psychiatric characteristics of die 
patient. All sources were useful because they complemented each odier. 
Grouping of socio-demographic characteristics 
For die purpose of analysis some of the socio-demographic variables were 
grouped as follows: 
(a) Age: 
(i) Lower group (24 years and below) 
(ii) Middle (25 to 44 years) 
(iii) Upper (45 and above). 
(b) Education: 
(i) Low (no education, Koranic)
Patterns of Psychiatric Illness 53 
(ii) Medium (primary and postprimary) 
(iii) High (post secondary). 
(c) Ethnic composition: 
(i) Hausa/Fulani/Kanuri 
(ii) Southern Zaria group (this includes Gwari within Kaduna State) 
(iii) Other Northern groups (Tiv, Bachama, Birom, etc) 
(iv) Southern tribe group. 
(d) Occupation: 
(i) Unemployed 
(ii) Employed 
(iii) Self-employed (traders, self-employed craftsmen and artisans, 
and prostitutes) 
(iv) Housewives. 
(e) Geographical Locality: 
(i) Kaduna metropolis (including its surrounding villages) 
(ii) Zaria area (with its villages and semi-towns) 
(iii) Katsina area (with its villages and semi-towns) 
(iv) Southern Zaria area (all villages and towns in Kachia, Jama'a and 
Saminaka local governments) 
(v) Other Northern States (excluding Kaduna State) 
(vi) Southern States. 
Results 
Within the four-year period of the study, a total of 1744 cases of first 
admissions were recorded in the two psychiatric hospitals in Kaduna. A 
breakdown of these cases along socio-demographic characteristics is as 
follows: 
Age 
The most frequently admitted persons, as shown in Table 1, came from the 
productive age group (25-44 years) (4,796), followed by the lower age group 
(under 25 years) (4496), while persons above 44 years (9,196), were the least 
admitted. The mean age for admission was 27,6 years. 
Sex status 
With respect to sex, of the 1 736 cases recorded, 58,3 percent were males 
and 41,7 females. 
Marital status 
For marital status, a total of 1 701 cases were analysed, as 43 cases were 
counted as missing cases. Out of this number, the married persons (5996) 
predominated in admissions, followed by single persons (3796) while the 
least cases (396) came from those who were widowed.
54 Tuna Lergo 
Educational attainment 
In Table 2, in terms of educational status, of the 1 623 recorded cases, 
persons from the low educational group were slightly greater than those 
from the medium level of education, 48,696 and 4696 respectively. Only 
4,996 came from the high education group. 
Occupational status 
In terms of occupation, as shown in Table 3, housewives composed 33,3% 
of the 1722 recorded cases, the largest group, followed by the self-employed 
and employed with 32% and 27,4% respectively. The lowest percentage was 
for the unemployed (7,3%). 
It is important to note that when the sex and occupation compositions of 
the admissions are compared, the predominant female group is that of fulltime 
housewives. It is also important to note that those not in employment 
in the public or private sector constitute more than half of the admissions, 
when those who are self-employed and housewives are grouped together. 
Religious affiliation 
"here were 1 739 cases recorded, of which 54,4% were Muslims, 44,3% were 
Christians, while ,6% and ,5% came from the traditional religion worshippers 
and other forms of religion respectively. 
Ethnic composition 
The distribution according to ethnic groupings, as seen in Table 4, shows 
that 1 669 cases were recorded, the majority of which were from the Hausa/ 
Fulani/Kanuri group with 46,9%; other Northern tribes next with 17%; and 
4,9% from the Southern Zaria group. The Southern tribes had 21%. 
Qeograpkical locality 
iy residential locality, 1 704 cases were recorded. The majority of the 
aatients (48,8%) were residing in Kaduna town (see Table 5), while 22% of 
lie cases resided outside Kaduna State, though in the northern states. There 
vere 14,2% from southern Zaria (south of Kaduna State), 11% came from 
Sana area,.2,7% from Katsina area, and only 1,1% of the patients were 
"esiding in the southern part of the country at the time of admission. It 
vould seem therefore that the rate of admission is also a function of 
>roximity to the hospitals. 
Conclusion 
Tie distribution of the admissions was examined by age, sex status, marital 
tatus, educational attainment, occupation, religious affiliation, ethnic 
omposition and geographical locality. 
With regards to sex, males constituted more than half of the admissions.
Patterns of Psychiatric Illness 55 
This sex difference is consistent with other studies of hospital populations 
in different African towns (Orley, 1972; Onyeama, 1980). But if one 
examines prevalence studies in industrial societies, there is no consistent 
difference by sex in mental illness in general. These studies only reveal that 
sex differences are consistent and apparent only in specific types of mental 
illness (see Dohrenwend and Dohrenwend, 1976; and Dohrenwend, 1974). 
Various hypotheses could be put forward to explain die predominance of 
males in tins present study. The females, more than their male 
counterparts, in most Nordiern States, tend to have protection from factors 
mat lead to stress. For instance, men are more socially and physically 
mobile and seem to take on more strenuous occupations that are hazardous 
to physical health than their female counterparts. The Muslim custom of 
keeping women in purdah may be psychologically and physically protective 
of women, in the sense that males are more exposed to the possibilities of 
getting involved in drug addiction, alcoholism, accidents, crimes, etc, that 
might predispose to mental illness, in general, and some organic and 
personality types of mental illness, in particular. Furthermore, the cultural 
expectations of females to be gende and avoid certain social activities (such 
as violence, drinking and smoking) buttress dieir protection from mental 
illness, vis-a-vis the males. 
As for age, the majority of admitted persons were young, with a mean age 
of 27,6 years. Indeed, the rate of admissions decreased widi age. These agerelated 
findings could be accounted for by factors of mobility and social 
behaviour. For example, youth are more mobile, migrating to die towns, 
moving about in search of jobs and fun, and trying to establish their 
identities so as to prepare themselves for life. However, some of the elders 
have economically and socially settled and found their life identities. In 
terms of other forms of behaviour, the youth seem to be more competitive 
and aggressive, still exhibiting youthful exuberance. Furthermore, die 
effects of social change from die traditional to the modern are most likely to 
affect the youth who are in the process of making life-long commitments to 
die future. Undoubtedly, these activities of the youth expose diem to factors 
mat precipitate mental problems. 
More patients belonged to the Muslim religion, a fact explained by their 
predominance in the state. 
The educational characteristics of die admissions were also considered. 
This is vital, because level of educational attainment is generally one of die 
indicators of socio-economic position. In mis study die admissions were 
predominandy composed of persons widi litde or no education. However, 
it might be argued mat there are more non-literate persons in die state than 
literates and therefore diey will be more represented in the admissions than 
literates. 
In addition to considering diese occupational groupings and educational
5fi Tuna Lergo 
levels separately, a combined observation of the two variables revealed that 
admissions were composed of persons from the lower social class in the 
society. This is consistent with other studies conducted in Europe, which 
have shown a relationship between mental illness and social class (Faris and 
Dunham, 1939; Hollingshead et al, 1958; Srole et al, 1962). 
The ethnic composition revealed that the Hausa/Fulani/Kanuri group 
predominated. This could be explained in terms of the predominance of 
this group in the population of die area in which the psychiatric hospitals 
are situated. There is no doubt that diis group is the majority in Kaduna 
State. 
The typical individual, therefore, in a psychiatric hospital in Kaduna State 
is a young man in his productive years, he is married, self-employed, of low 
or no education and is a city dweller. It is to diis category of persons that 
psychiatric services should be seriously directed. 
References 
Association of Psychiatrists in Nigeria (APN) (1973) "Programme for 
die Development of Mental Health Services in Nigeria" in Nigerian 
Medical Journal, 3,4, 196f. 
Dohrenwend B P and Dohrenwend B S (1976) "Sex Differences and 
Psychiatric Disorder" in American Journal of Sociology, 81, 1447—1459. 
Dohrenwend B P (1974) "Problems in Denning and Sampling the 
Relevant Population of Stressful life Events" in Dohrenwend B P and 
Dohrenwend B S (eds) Stressful life Events: Their Nature and Effects, 
Wiley, New York. 
Erinosho O A (1976) "Lambo Model of Psychiatric Care" in Psycopathologic 
Africane, xii, 1, 35-44. 
Faris R E and Dunham H W (1939) Mental Disorders in Urban 
Goffman E (1961) Asylums: Essays on the Social Situations of 
Areas, University of Chicago,- Chicago. 
Mental Patients and other Inmates, Dftubleday, New York 
Harding T W et al (1980) "Psychological Medicine", quoted in 
Clinical Psychiatric News, 10, September, 10, 231-241. 
Hollingshead A B et al (1958) Social Class and Mental Illness, Wiley, 
New York. 
Ichue J I (1981) "Socio-Psychiatric Attributes of First Admissions: A 
Study of a Neuro-psychiatric Hospital, Uselu, Benin", unpublished BSc 
Thesis, Department of Sociology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 
Nigeria. 
Jegede R O (1982) "Aro Village System in Perspective" in Mental 
Health in Africa, Erinosho O A et al (ed), Ibadan University Press, 
Ibadan, and die Research Committee on the Sociology of Mental Health
(International Sociological Association),, Montreal, Quebec, 179-183. 
Lambo T A (1969) "Experience with a Programme in Nigeria" in 
Community Mental Health: An International Perspective, Williams R 
and Ozarin L (eds), Jessey-Bass Inc, 97-110. 
Lergo T (1977) "Mental Disorder: An Examination of Admissions", 
unpublished BSc Thesis, Department of Sociology, Ahmadu Bello 
University, Zaria, Nigeria. 
Odejide O A (1982) "Some Socio Medical Attributes of Chronic 
Psychiatric Patients in Nigeria" in Mental Health in Africa, Erinosho O A 
and Bell N (eds), .Ibadan University Press and the Research Committee on 
the Sociology of Mental Health (International Sociological Association), 
Montreal, Quebec, 130-132. 
OnyeamaW P J C (1982) "Social and Clinical Features of Patients at a 
State Psychiatric Hospital in Nigeria" in Mental Health in Africa, 
Erinosho O A and Bell N (eds), Ibadan University Press and the Research 
Committee on the Sociology of Mental Heakh (International Sociological 
Association), Montreal, Quebec, 122-129. 
Orley J (1972) "A Prospective Study of 372 Consecutive Admissions 
to Butabika Hospital, Kampala" in East African Medical Journal, 49, 
16-26. 
Srole L et al (1962) Mental Health in the Metropolis: The Midtown 
Manhatten Study, Vol 1, MacGraw Hill, New York. 
UmarM (1982) "Mental Health of University Students: A Sociological 
Analysis of Reported Cases to a University Health Centre", unpublished 
BSc Thesis, Department of Sociology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 
Nigeria. 
Table 1 
Distribution of Admissions by Age 
Age in Years 
Lower (24 and below) 
Middle (25-44) 
Upper (45+) 
TOTAL* 
*Mean Age = 27,6 
Patterns of Psyfhiatric Illness 57 
% No 
44,0 768 
828 47,4 
148 9,1 
100 1744
5* Tuna Lergo 
Table 2 
Distribution of Admissions by Education 
Level of Education 
Low 
Medium 
High 
TOTAL* 
*121 unspecified cases. 
Table 3 
Distribution of Admissions by Occupation 
Occupation No % 
Unemployed 
Employed 
Self-Employed 
House-Wife 
TOTAL* 1 722 100 
*22 unepecified cases. 
% No 
48,6 798 
46,0 746 
4,9 79 
100 1623 
7,3 129 
27,4 472 
32,0 548 
33,3 573
Table 4 
Distribution of Admissions by Ethnic Affiliation 
Ethnic Group No % of Total 
Hausa/Fulani/Kanuri 
Southern Zaria 
Other Northern Tribes 
Southern Tribes 
TOTAL* 1669 100 
*75 unspecified cases.
Table 5 
Distribution of Admissions by Residential Locality 
Residential Locality 
Kaduna Area 
Southern Zaria Area 
Zaria Area 
Katsina Area 
Other Northern States 
Southern States 
TOTAL* 
*40 unspecified cases 
Patterns of Psychiatric Illness 59 
46,9 
14,9 
17,0 
21,0 
783 
249 
284 
353 
No 96 of Total 
48,8 
14,2 
832 
243 
189 11,0 
2,7 46 
375 22,0 
19 1.1 
100 1704